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中华实验和临床感染病杂志(电子版) ›› 2025, Vol. 19 ›› Issue (05) : 298 -306. doi: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.1674-1358.2025.05.006

论著

Omicron变异株流行期间妊娠晚期孕产妇感染新型冠状病毒对母婴临床结局的影响
董凯华, 姚艳青(), 苗敏   
  1. 100015 北京,首都医科大学附属北京地坛医院儿科
  • 收稿日期:2025-07-06 出版日期:2025-10-15
  • 通信作者: 姚艳青

Impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection on maternal and infant clinical outcomes of late-pregnant women during the Omicron variant epidemic

Kaihua Dong, Yanqing Yao(), Min Miao   

  1. Pediatrics, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
  • Received:2025-07-06 Published:2025-10-15
  • Corresponding author: Yanqing Yao
引用本文:

董凯华, 姚艳青, 苗敏. Omicron变异株流行期间妊娠晚期孕产妇感染新型冠状病毒对母婴临床结局的影响[J/OL]. 中华实验和临床感染病杂志(电子版), 2025, 19(05): 298-306.

Kaihua Dong, Yanqing Yao, Min Miao. Impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection on maternal and infant clinical outcomes of late-pregnant women during the Omicron variant epidemic[J/OL]. Chinese Journal of Experimental and Clinical Infectious Diseases(Electronic Edition), 2025, 19(05): 298-306.

目的

探讨Omicron变异株流行期间妊娠晚期孕产妇感染新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)对母婴临床结局的影响。

方法

回顾性分析2022年11月1日至2023年4月30日首都医科大学附属北京地坛医院收治的70例妊娠晚期孕妇,根据妊娠晚期是否感染SARS-CoV-2分为感染组(35例)和对照组(35例)。采用Mann-Whitney U检验、Kruskal-Wallis检验以及卡方检验,分析两组母婴临床特征、实验室指标以及SARS-CoV-2感染对母婴临床结局的影响。

结果

较对照组[7(4,10)d],感染组孕妇住院时间[11(10,14)d]更长,差异有统计学意义(Z=4.263、P<0.001)。感染组与对照组孕妇剖宫产率(48.57% vs. 48.57%)差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.000、P=1.000)。孕妇剖宫产原因中,感染组胎儿宫内窘迫发生率较对照组更高(41.18% vs. 5.88%),差异有统计学意义(χ2=4.087、P=0.043)。较对照组,感染组孕妇白细胞计数升高者(17.14% vs. 51.43%)和中性粒细胞计数升高者(34.29% vs. 68.57%)占比更低,差异均有统计学意义(χ2=9.130、P=0.003,χ2=8.235、P=0.004);而淋巴细胞计数降低者(85.71% vs. 14.29%)、纤维蛋白原降解产物升高者(68.57% vs. 28.57%)占比更高,差异均有统计学意义(χ2=35.714、P<0.001,χ2=11.209、P<0.001)。感染组孕妇中接种3针COVID-19灭活疫苗者血清抗-IgG水平高于未接种疫苗者[2.66(1.25,8.72)S/CO vs. 0.04(0.02,0.11)S/CO],差异有统计学意义(Z=-4.044、P<0.001)。感染组孕妇分娩新生儿经SARS-CoV-2核酸检测均阴性,提示未发生垂直传播。较对照组分娩新生儿,感染组孕妇所分娩新生儿病理性黄疸发生率较低(14.2% vs. 37.14%),差异有统计学意义(χ2=4.786、P=0.029)。感染组孕妇分娩新生儿淋巴细胞计数降低者、C-反应蛋白升高者比例高于对照组孕妇分娩新生儿(72.22% vs. 37.14%,83.33% vs. 20.00%),差异均有统计学意义(χ2=5.853、P=0.016,χ2=19.638、P<0.001)。血清抗-SARS-CoV-2检测显示,感染组孕妇分娩新生儿抗-SARS-CoV-2 IgG水平低于对照组分娩新生儿[4.32(0.74,16.13)S/CO vs. 62.12(3.76,103.21)S/CO],差异有统计学意义(Z=-3.610、P<0.001)。入组70例孕产妇中混合免疫(自然感染 + 疫苗接种)母亲所分娩新生儿抗-SARS-CoV-2 IgG水平高于自然感染母亲分娩的新生儿[46.34(6.99,96.20)S/CO vs. 0.20(0.05,2.16)S/CO],差异有统计学意义(Z=4.267、P<0.001)。

结论

妊娠晚期感染SARS-CoV-2可增加胎儿宫内窘迫风险,并延长孕妇住院时间,需加强围产期监测。虽未观察到SARS-CoV-2感染引起母婴垂直传播,但母体炎症应答及免疫状态可影响新生儿的免疫状态,母亲适时接种COVID-19疫苗可提升新生儿被动免疫水平。

Objective

To investigate the impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in late-pregnancy women on maternal and neonatal clinical outcomes during the Omicron variant pandemic.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was conducted on 70 pregnant women admitted to Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University from November 1st, 2022 to April 30th, 2023. These patients were divided into infection group (35 cases) and control group (35 cases) based on whether they were infected with SARS-CoV-2 during the late pregnancy period. The clinical characteristics, laboratory parameters and the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on maternal and neonatal outcomes between the two groups were compared by Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis test and Chi-square test.

Results

The Infection group had a significantly longer hospital stay than the control group [11 (10, 14) days vs. 7 (4, 10) days: Z=4.263, P<0.001]. The cesarean section rate between the Infection group and control group was without significant difference (48.57% vs. 48.57%: χ2=0.000, P=1.000). Among the indications for cesarean section, the Infection group had higher incidence of fetal distress (41.18% vs. 5.88%: χ2=4.087, P=0.043). Compared with control group, patients in Infection group had lower proportions of elevated white blood cell count (17.14% vs. 51.43%: χ2=9.130, P=0.003) and elevated neutrophil count (34.29% vs. 68.57%: χ2=8.235, P=0.004), but with higher proportions of decreased lymphocyte count (85.71% vs. 14.29%: χ2=35.714, P<0.001) and elevated fibrinogen degradation products (68.57% vs. 28.57%: χ2=11.209, P<0.001). In Infection group, women who received 3 doses of inactivated COVID-19 vaccine had higher serum anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG levels than unvaccinated women [2.66 (1.25, 8.72) S/CO vs. 0.04 (0.02, 0.11) S/CO, Z=-4.044, P<0.001]. SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid of all neonates born from infected women were negative, which indicated no vertical transmission. The Infection group had a lower incidence of pathological jaundice in neonates (14.2% vs. 37.14%: χ2=4.786, P=0.029), but higher proportions of neonatal decreased lymphocyte count (72.22% vs. 37.14%: χ2=5.853, P=0.016) and elevated C-reactive protein (83.33% vs. 20.00%: χ2=19.638, P<0.001). Neonates in the Infection group had lower anti-IgG levels than those in the control group [4.32 (0.74, 16.13) S/CO vs. 62.12 (3.76, 103.21) S/CO: Z=-3.610, P<0.001]. Among the 70 enrolled women, neonates born from those with hybrid immunity (natural infection + vaccination) had higher anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG levels than those born from naturally infected mothers [46.34 (6.99, 96.20) S/CO vs. 0.20 (0.05, 2.16) S/CO: Z=4.267, P<0.001].

Conclusions

SARS-CoV-2 infection in late pregnancy may increase the risk of fetal distress and prolong maternal hospital stay, necessitating enhanced perinatal monitoring. Although no vertical transmission was observed, maternal inflammatory and immune status may affect neonatal inflammatory and immune parameters. Timely COVID-19 vaccination of mothers may enhance neonatal passive immunity.

表1 感染组和对照组孕产妇的临床资料
临床资料 感染组(35例) 对照组(35例) 统计量 P
年龄 [MP25P75),岁] 32.00(29.00,34.00) 31.00(28.00,34.00) Z=1.440 0.150
高龄孕妇 [例(%)] 8(22.86) 4(11.43) χ2=1.609 0.205a
住院天数 [MP25P75),d] 11.00(10.00,14.00) 7.00(4.00,10.00) Z=4.263 <0.001
损失胎次 [例(%)] Z=0.131 0.896
0 18(51.43) 18(51.43)
1 13(37.14) 14(40.00)
2 3(8.57) 3(8.57)
3 1(2.86) 0(0.00)
分娩胎次 [例(%)] Z=-0.565 0.572
1 26(74.28) 23(65.71)
2 8(22.86) 10(28.57)
3 1(2.86) 2(5.72)
规律产检 [例(%)] 34(97.14) 31(88.57) χ2=0.862 0.353b
妊娠期并发症 [例(%)]
妊娠期糖尿病 14(40.00) 14(40.00) χ2=0.000 1.000a
妊娠期高血压 1(2.86) 4(11.43) χ2=0.862 0.353b
甲状腺功能减退 6(17.14) 3(8.57) χ2=0.510 0.475b
贫血 3(8.57) 3(8.57) χ2=0.000 1.000b
胆汁淤积 0(0.00) 2(5.71) χ2=0.515 0.473b
孕前体重指数分布 [例(%)] Z=0.776 0.438
低体重 3(8.57) 3(8.57)
正常体重 19(54.29) 23(65.71)
超重 10(28.57) 6(17.14)
肥胖 3(8.57) 3(8.57)
羊水减少 [例(%)] 5(14.29) 1(2.86) χ2=1.641 0.200b
分娩方式 [例(%)]
自然分娩 18(51.43) 18(51.43) χ2=0.000 1.000a
剖宫产 17(48.57) 17(48.57)
COVID-19疫苗接种针次 [例(%)] Z=-0.314 0.754
0 10(28.57) 7(20.00)
1 0(0.00) 1(2.86)
2 10(28.57) 12(34.28)
3 15(42.86) 15(42.86)
表2 感染组和对照组孕产妇的实验室指标 [例(%)]
表3 感染组30例SARS-CoV-2核酸检测阳性孕妇COVID-19疫苗接种与抗体水平 [S/CO,MP25P75)]
表4 感染组和对照组孕妇所分娩新生儿的临床资料和感染相关指标
表5 感染组和对照组孕妇所分娩新生儿抗-SARS-CoV-2水平 [MP25P75),S/CO]
表6 母亲混合免疫和自然感染所分娩新生儿抗-SARS-CoV-2水平 [MP25P75),S/CO]
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