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Chinese Journal of Experimental and Clinical Infectious Diseases(Electronic Edition) ›› 2025, Vol. 19 ›› Issue (02): 104-115. doi: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.1674-1358.2025.02.006

• Research Articles • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Difference of high mobility group protein B1 levels in children with refractory Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia of different ages and predictive value for prognosis

Hao Guan1,(), Xiaorong Li2, Yao Zhang1, Mingzhen Ren1   

  1. 1. Department of Pediatrics, The People's Hospital of Yuechi County, Yuechi 638300, China
    2. Department of Pediatrics, Guang'an People's Hospital, Guang'an 638000, China
  • Received:2024-12-20 Online:2025-04-15 Published:2025-06-10
  • Contact: Hao Guan

Abstract:

Objective

To investigate the differences of high mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1)level among children with refractory Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (RMPP) of different ages and its predictive value for prognosis.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was carried out on 132 children with RMPP admitted to Yuechi County People's Hospital from February 2023 to March 2024. According to the age, children were divided into infant group (≤ 3 years old, 38 cases), preschool group (3-6 years old, 48 cases)and school-age group (≥ 6 years old, 46 cases). The proportions of gender, body mass index (BMI), as well as fever, wheezing, shortness of breath, moist rales, wheezing sounds, expectoration, cough and skin lesions among children of different age groups were compared, respectively. The correlations between HMGB1 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), immunoglobulin A (IgA),immunoglobulin G (IgG), immunoglobulin M (IgM), CD3+ T, CD4+ T, CD8+ T and CD4+/CD8+ T of different ages children were analyzed by multiple linear regression. According to different outcomes, the enrolled children were divided into improved group (101 cases) and deteriorated group (31 cases). The influencing factors for the prognosis of children with RMPP were screened by multivariate Logistic regression analysis.The synergistic effect of HMGB1 and age on the prognosis of children with RMPP were analyzed by Cox proportional hazards model. The dose-response relationship between HMGB1 levels and the risk of disease deterioration of children with RMPP were analyzed by restricted cubic spline model (RCS).

Results

Among RMPP children in infant group, preschool group and school-age group, cases with fever (χ2 = 20.696, P <0.001), wheezing (χ2 = 17.109, P < 0.001), shortness of breath (χ2 = 20.213, P < 0.001), moist rales (χ2 = 11.305,P = 0.004), wheezing sounds (χ2 = 19.072, P < 0.001), expectoration (χ2 = 21.414, P < 0.001), and levels of ESR (F = 30.461, P < 0.001), NE (F = 9.848, P < 0.001), PCT (F = 62.067, P < 0.001), CRP (F = 12.372,P < 0.001), HMGB1 (F = 29.395, P < 0.001), TNF-α (F = 44.713, P < 0.001), IL-6 (F = 3.206, P = 0.044),IL-8 (F = 22.069, P < 0.001), IgA (F = 71.892, P < 0.001), IgG (F = 4.142, P = 0.018), IgM (F = 17.033,P < 0.001), CD3+ T cells (F = 22.663, P < 0.001), CD4+ T cells (F = 10.431, P < 0.001), CD8+ T cells (F =5.878, P = 0.004), and CD4+/CD8+ T (F = 13.238, P < 0.001) were all significantly different. Multiple linear regression showed that among RMPP children of the infant group, preschool group and school-age group,CD3+ T, CD4+ T and CD4+/CD8+ T were negatively correlated with the level of HMGB1, while TNF-α, IL-6,IL-8, IgA, IgG, IgM and CD8+ T were positively correlated with the level of HMGB1. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that TNF-α (OR = 1.242, 95%CI: 1.182-2.307, P = 0.048), IL-6 (OR = 5.766, 95%CI:1.308-10.312, P = 0.035), IL-8 (OR = 2.445, 95%CI: 1.166-5.156, P = 0.040), IgA (OR = 2.782, 95%CI: 1.389-9.332, P = 0.009), IgG (OR = 9.186, 95%CI: 1.224-13.264, P = 0.020), IgM (OR = 3.354, 95%CI: 1.179-6.196, P =0.037), CD3+ T (OR = 2.807, 95%CI: 1.193-5.294, P = 0.026), CD4+/CD8+ T (OR = 1.421, 95%CI: 1.204-5.245,P = 0.042) and HMGB1 (OR = 4.628, 95%CI: 1.318-6.141, P = 0.003) were all independent risk factors influencing the prognosis of children with RMPP. When HMGB1 > 86 ng/ml and age ≥ 6 years coexisted(OR = 2.746, 95%CI: 1.396-4.462, P = 0.013), the risk of disease deterioration among children with RMPP was higher. RCS model analysis showed that regardless of whether confounding factors were adjusted,there was a non-linear positively correlation between HMGB1 and the deterioration of RMPP in children of different age groups (before adjustment: Pnon-linearity = 0.034, 0.046, 0.069; after adjustment: Pnon-linearity =0.053, 0.067, 0.084).

Conclusions

HMGB1 level show significant differences among children with RMPP of different ages. Moreover, HMGB1 level was positively correlated with TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, IgA, IgG, IgM and CD8+ T. On the other hand, HMGB1 level was negatively correlated with CD3+ T, CD4+ T and CD4+/CD8+ T.HMGB1 level was positively correlated with the risk of disease deterioration of children with RMPP and had a certain predictive value for the outcome.

Key words: High mobility group protein B1, Difficult to treat mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia, Prognosis, Predictive value

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