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Chinese Journal of Experimental and Clinical Infectious Diseases(Electronic Edition) ›› 2022, Vol. 16 ›› Issue (06): 377-384. doi: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.1674-1358.2022.06.004

• Research Article • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Influencing factors of non- or low-response to hepatitis B vaccine immunity in infants of mothers with hepatitis B virus surface antigen positive

Caiying Wang1, Ming He1, Shuxin He1, Yuhuan Liu1, Hongling Yang1, Lin Pang1,()   

  1. 1. Department of Pediatrics, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
  • Received:2022-04-11 Online:2022-12-15 Published:2023-03-02
  • Contact: Lin Pang

Abstract:

Objective

To investigate the influencing factors of non- or low-response in infants of mothers with hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface antigen (HBsAg) positive after hepatitis B vaccine immunity, and to provide clinical guidance for mother-to-child HBV transmission blocking.

Methods

This was a retrospective case-control study. Total of 766 infants of HBsAg positive mothers who had completed an immunization program of three-dose hepatitis B vaccines, collected in Pediatric Clinic of Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University from December 2018 to June 2020, were recruited, and according to the level of HBV surface antibody (HBsAb), they were divided into non-response (HBsAb < 10 mIU/ml, 7 cases), low-response (HBsAb: 10-99 mIU/ml, 72 cases) and normal-response (HBsAb ≥ 100 mIU/ml, 687 cases) to hepatitis B vaccination. Total of 79 infants with non- or low-response to hepatitis B vaccine were collected as study group, and 158 infants who were randomly selected by random digital table method in proportion of 1︰2 from normal-response infants, were collected as control group. History of birth and feeding, the dosage of hepatitis B immune globulin at birth, antepartum HBV DNA and HBV markers, and antiviral therapy in gestation of their mothers were compared between the two groups, respectively. The measometric data of normal distribution were analyzed by independent sample t-test, while measometric data of non-normal distribution were analyzed by nonparametric tests, and comparison of rates were analyzed by Pearson Chi-squared test, Chi-square test for continuity correction and the Fisher’s exact probability method. Statistically significant factors were included in multivariate Logistic regression analysis of the influencing factors of non- or low-response to hepatitis B vaccine immunization in infants of mothers with HBsAg positive.

Results

Total of 237 infants were recruited, including 102 (43.04%) female, 135 (56.96%) male; 19 (8.02%) premature babies, 25 (10.55%) low birthweight babies. There were 114 (48.10%) infants of their mothers with HBV DNA ≥ 104 IU/ml at 28-week gestation, and 61 (25.74%) cases among them received antiviral therapy, while 79 (33.33%) mothers had antepartum HBV DNA ≥ 104 IU/ml, and 121 (51.05%) cases with positive HBeAg. HBsAb level of 79 infants of non- or low-response was [44.66 (20.42, 70.42)] mIU/ml, which was [848.50 (344.23, 1 000)] mIU/ml in 158 infants of normal response. Compared with the control group, the rates of premature babies (17.72% vs. 3.16%: χ2 = 15.13, P < 0.001), low birthweight babies (21.52% vs. 5.06%: χ2 = 20.56, P < 0.001) and babies without seasonable administration of supplementary food (34.18% vs. 18.99%: χ2 = 6.65, P = 0.01) were signficantly higher; the rate of their mothers who had HBV DNA ≥ 104 IU/ml at 28-week gestation and received antiviral therapy was lower (27.03% vs. 66.23%: χ2 = 15.44, P < 0.001), and the rate of the mothers who had antepartum HBV DNA ≥ 104 IU/ml was significantly higher compared with the control group (41.77% vs. 29.11%: χ2 = 4.21, P = 0.04); while the HBeAg level of the mothers was significantly lower in the study group [0.37 (0.29, 891.47) vs. 1.56 (0.32, 1 325.68): Z =-2.08, P = 0.04]. The rates of the mothers who had positive HBV e antibody (HBeAb), and those who had both antepartum HBV DNA ≥ 104 IU/ml and HBeAg(-)/HBeAb(+) were higher in the study group (56.96% vs. 43.04%: χ2 = 4.09, P = 0.04; 13.92% vs. 5.7%: χ2 = 4.61, P = 0.03). In the study group, one infant was found to be HBsAg positive (0.08-0.34 IU/ml), meanwhile, the level of HBsAb was 4.60-6.21 mIU/ml, who was thought infected with HBV after birth. Logistic regression analysis found that the risks of non- or low-response to hepatitis B vaccine in premature or low birthweight babies were 3.84 and 2.82 times of that in appropriate for gestational age term babies, respectively (OR = 3.84, P = 0.027, 95%CI: 1.16-12.69; OR = 2.82, P = 0.046, 95%CI: 1.02-7.80), and the risk in babies of mothers with high antepartum viral load in serum (HBV DNA ≥ 104 IU/ml) was 3.15 times of that in babies of mothers with low antepartum viral load (OR = 3.15, P = 0.002, 95%CI: 1.53-6.48), while the risk in babies of mothers with high antepartum level of HBeAg (HBeAg ≥ 1 500 S/CO) was 0.35 times of that in babies of mothers with low level of HBeAg (OR = 0.35, P = 0.038, 95%CI: 0.13-0.94).

Conclusions

Premature, low birthweight infants and high antepartum viral load in mothers’ serum were the risk factors of non- or low-response to hepatitis B vaccine immunity in infants of mothers with HBsAg positive, but high antepartum level of HBeAg was a protective factor.

Key words: Hepatitis B vaccine, Immune response, Hepatitis B surface antigen, Infant

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