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中华实验和临床感染病杂志(电子版) ›› 2026, Vol. 20 ›› Issue (01) : 39 -45. doi: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.1674-1358.2026.01.007

论著

2024年南京及周边地区呼吸道感染患儿病原体分布特点
周珣, 陈红兵()   
  1. 210008 南京市,南京医科大学附属儿童医院检验科
  • 收稿日期:2025-05-06 出版日期:2026-02-15
  • 通信作者: 陈红兵

Distribution characteristics of pathogens in children with respiratory tract infection in Nanjing and surrounding areas in 2024

Xun Zhou, Hongbing Chen()   

  1. Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China
  • Received:2025-05-06 Published:2026-02-15
  • Corresponding author: Hongbing Chen
引用本文:

周珣, 陈红兵. 2024年南京及周边地区呼吸道感染患儿病原体分布特点[J/OL]. 中华实验和临床感染病杂志(电子版), 2026, 20(01): 39-45.

Xun Zhou, Hongbing Chen. Distribution characteristics of pathogens in children with respiratory tract infection in Nanjing and surrounding areas in 2024[J/OL]. Chinese Journal of Experimental and Clinical Infectious Diseases(Electronic Edition), 2026, 20(01): 39-45.

目的

探讨2024年南京及周边地区呼吸道感染患儿病原体分布特点。

方法

回顾性分析南京医科大学附属儿童医院2024年1~12月因上呼吸道感染或并发上呼吸道感染进行11种呼吸道病原体核酸检测患儿(≤18周岁)的临床资料。共收集临床样本5 973例,采用卡方检验分析不同性别、年龄及特殊时期(如寒暑假及春秋学期)11种呼吸道病原体阳性检出率。

结果

所收集样本病原体阳性检出率为61.58%(1 551/5 973),11种病原体检出率居前5位的依次为人鼻病毒(1 150例、31.27%)、肺炎支原体(957例、26.01%)、腺病毒(672例、18.27%)、副流感病毒(525例、14.27%)和呼吸道合胞病毒(349例、9.49%)。1~3岁患儿群体(68.9%)及寒假时期(73.7%)样本阳性检出率最高,不同年龄段(χ2=140.393、P<0.001)、不同学期及假期(χ2=21.648、P<0.001)呼吸道病原体分布差异均有统计学意义。人鼻病毒(25.7%)、副流感病毒(15.2%)、腺病毒(17.0%)及肺炎支原体(22.7%)5~7月份阳性率较高且达到峰值;偏肺病毒、呼吸道合胞病毒、甲型流感病毒及其H1N1分型11~12月份开始出现上升趋势;自1月份乙型流感病毒感染高峰后阳性率逐步下降,与甲型流感病毒的缓慢增长呈现此消彼长的趋势。混合感染现象并不少见(占总样本的13.93%),其中以两种病毒混合感染为主(占总样本的12.47%),人鼻病毒(367/745,49.26%)和肺炎支原体(238/745,31.95%)混合感染占比最高。

结论

2024年南京及周边地区儿童呼吸道感染病原体中,人鼻病毒阳性占比最高,混合感染以人鼻病毒和肺炎支原体常见。1~3岁儿童呼吸道感染多发,需加强婴幼儿保护及家长科普。寒假与春季学期为呼吸道感染高发期,应强化该时段儿童健康防护和病原体监测。

Objective

To investigate the distribution characteristics of pathogens in children with respiratory tract infection in Nanjing and surrounding areas in 2024.

Methods

The clinical data of pediatric patients (≤18 years old) who underwent nucleic acid testing for 11 respiratory pathogens due to upper respiratory tract infection or complicated with upper respiratory tract infection at Nanjing Children’s Hospital affiliated to Nanjing Medical University from January to December 2024 were analyzed, retrospectively. Total of 5 973 clinical samples were collected, and the positive detection rates of 11 respiratory pathogens were analyzed by Chi-square test based on different genders, ages and specific periods (such as winter and summer vacations, as well as spring and autumn semesters).

Results

The top five pathogens ranked by detection rate were: human rhinovirus (HRV) (1 150 cases, 31.27%), Mycoplasma pneumoniae (957 cases, 26.01%), adenovirus (672 cases, 18.27%), parainfluenza virus (525 cases, 14.27%) and respiratory syncytial virus (349 cases, 9.49%). The highest positive detection rates were observed in 1 to 3-year-old child group (68.9%) and during winter vacation (73.7%). Statistically significant differences in respiratory pathogen distribution were noted across different age groups (χ2=140.393, P<0.001) and different semesters and holidays (χ2=21.648, P<0.001). The positive rates of HRV (25.7%), parainfluenza virus (15.2%), adenovirus (17.0%) and Mycoplasma pneumoniae (22.7%) were high and peaked between May and July. The prevalence of paramyxovirus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza A virus and its H1N1 subtype began to rise from November to December. In contrast, the positive rate of influenza B virus gradually declined after the peak infection in January, showing a fluctuating trend with the gradual increase of influenza A virus. Mixed infections were not uncommon (accounting for 13.93% of the total samples), with two-virus mixed infection being the most (12.47% of the total samples). HRV (367/745, 49.26%) and Mycoplasma pneumoniae (238/745, 31.95%) exhibited the highest proportions of mixed infections.

Conclusions

During 2024, HRV accounted for the highest proportion of positive cases among pediatric respiratory pathogen infection in Nanjing and surrounding areas, with mixed infections commonly involving HRV and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Infections were more prevalent in children aged 1-3 years old, necessitating enhanced infant protection and parental health education. The winter vacation and spring semester represent peak periods for high incidence of respiratory tract infections, during which child health protection and pathogen surveillance should be strengthened.

表1 5 973例呼吸道感染患儿性别、年龄及发病时期
表2 不同性别呼吸道感染患儿11种呼吸道病原体阳性检出率 [例(%)]
表3 5 973例呼吸道感染患儿11种呼吸道病原体阳性率
表4 2024年寒暑假及春秋季学期呼吸道感染患儿11种呼吸道病原体阳性检出率 [例(%)]
图1 2024年呼吸道感染患儿11种呼吸道病原体总体阳性率月份分布
图2 2024年呼吸道感染患儿11种呼吸道病原体月份分布 注:甲型流感病毒中主要流行的H1N1和H3N2,故单独列出
图3 2024年不同年龄段呼吸道感染患儿11种病原体总检出率
表5 不同年龄段呼吸道感染患儿11种呼吸道病原体阳性检出率 [例(%)]
图4 2024年不同年龄段呼吸道感染患儿病原体阳性检出率 注:图中为表5中阳性率差异有统计学意义的8种病原体
表6 入组呼吸道感染患儿混合感染病原体检出率 [例(%)]
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