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中华实验和临床感染病杂志(电子版) ›› 2025, Vol. 19 ›› Issue (03) : 146 -156. doi: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.1674-1358.2025.03.003

论著

高载量腹水细菌DNA水平对肝硬化患者发生自发性细菌性腹膜炎及不良预后的预测价值
郭璐瑶1, 侯维1, 韩洁1, 吴浩馨1, 魏飞力2, 王征1, 张维1, 王克菲1, 郭闪2, 胡中杰1,()   
  1. 1100069 北京,首都医科大学附属北京佑安医院肝病中心一科
    2100069 北京,北京肝病研究所
  • 收稿日期:2025-02-16 出版日期:2025-06-15
  • 通信作者: 胡中杰
  • 基金资助:
    首都卫生发展科研专项(No. 2022-2-2183); 北京市高层次公共卫生技术人才建设项目(No. 2022-2-005)

Predictive value of high bacterial deoxyribonucleic acid levels in ascites on spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and adverse prognosis of patients with cirrhosis

Luyao Guo1, Wei Hou1, Jie Han1, Haoxin Wu1, Feili Wei2, Zheng Wang1, Wei Zhang1, Kefei Wang1, Shan Guo2, Zhongjie Hu,1()   

  1. 1Department of Hepatology I, Liver Disease Center, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
    2Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing 100069, China
  • Received:2025-02-16 Published:2025-06-15
  • Corresponding author: Zhongjie Hu
引用本文:

郭璐瑶, 侯维, 韩洁, 吴浩馨, 魏飞力, 王征, 张维, 王克菲, 郭闪, 胡中杰. 高载量腹水细菌DNA水平对肝硬化患者发生自发性细菌性腹膜炎及不良预后的预测价值[J/OL]. 中华实验和临床感染病杂志(电子版), 2025, 19(03): 146-156.

Luyao Guo, Wei Hou, Jie Han, Haoxin Wu, Feili Wei, Zheng Wang, Wei Zhang, Kefei Wang, Shan Guo, Zhongjie Hu. Predictive value of high bacterial deoxyribonucleic acid levels in ascites on spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and adverse prognosis of patients with cirrhosis[J/OL]. Chinese Journal of Experimental and Clinical Infectious Diseases(Electronic Edition), 2025, 19(03): 146-156.

目的

探讨去除游离DNA后腹水细菌DNA水平对肝硬化腹水患者自发性细菌性腹膜炎(SBP)的预测效能及其对预后的影响。

方法

采用单中心前瞻性队列设计,纳入首都医科大学附属北京佑安医院2021年9月至2022年12月住院的肝硬化腹水患者共230例。留取患者入院时腹水样本,经Benzonase酶预处理去除游离DNA后,采用数字PCR定量检测细菌DNA水平。根据入院时腹水细菌DNA载量,将患者分为细菌DNA高载量组[log(细菌DNA)≥ 2](38例)和细菌DNA低载量组[log(细菌DNA)< 2](192例)。采用Logistic回归分析住院30 d肝硬化腹水患者发生SBP的独立风险因素,并通过Cox回归及ROC曲线分析细菌DNA载量对肝硬化腹水患者入院后90 d及360 d生存率的影响。

结果

38例细菌DNA高载量组患者SBP发生率为44.7%(17/38),显著高于细菌DNA低载量组(6.25%、12/192),差异有统计学意义(χ2 = 42.81、P <0.001)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,腹水中细菌DNA载量升高[log(细菌DNA)≥ 2](OR = 3.040、95%CI:1.605~5.756、P = 0.001)、上消化道出血(OR = 6.061、95%CI:2.315~15.625、P < 0.001)及慢性肾脏病(OR = 12.195、95%CI:4.504~32.258、P < 0.001)均为肝硬化腹水患者入院后30 d内SBP发生的独立危险因素。进一步构建包含MELD评分、log(细菌DNA)及中性粒细胞计数的联合预测模型,用于评估肝硬化腹水患者入院后90 d病死率的风险。ROC曲线分析显示,该联合模型的预测效能优于单独使用MELD评分(AUC分别为0.823和0.754),差异具有统计学意义(Z = 2.823、P = 0.005)。腹水细菌DNA高载量组患者入院后90 d生存率(71.1%)和360 d生存率(57.9%)显著低于腹水细菌DNA低载量组患者(84.4%和79.2%),差异均有统计学意义(χ2 = 2.99、P = 0.038;χ2 = 6.68、P = 0.002)。

结论

去除游离DNA后的腹水细菌DNA水平对肝硬化腹水患者发生SBP具有重要预测价值。腹水细菌DNA高载量患者90 d及360 d生存率较低,提示细菌移位在肝硬化预后评估中起着重要作用。

Objective

To investigate the predictive efficacy and effect of bacterial DNA level in ascites on prognosis of bacterial peritoneal inflammation (SBP) of cirrhosis patients with ascites after removing cell-free DNA.

Methods

A single-center prospective cohort design was adopted, and a total of 230 patients with ascites due to liver cirrhosis who were hospitalized in Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University from September 2021 to December 2022 were enrolled. Ascitic fluid samples were collected at admission and pretreated with Benzonase to remove free DNA. Bacterial DNA levels were then quantitatively measured using droplet digital PCR (ddPCR). Based on the ascitic bacterial DNA load at admission, patients were divided into high bacterial DNA load group [log (bacterial DNA) ≥ 2, 38 cases] and low bacterial DNA load group [log (bacterial DNA) < 2, 192 cases]. Independent risk factors for SBP within 30-days after hospitalized were analyzed by Logistic regression analysis, while the impact of bacterial DNA load on 90-days and 360-days of hospitalized survival were assessed by Cox regression and ROC curve analysis.

Results

The incidence of SBP in high bacterial DNA load group was 44.7% (17/38), significantly higher than that of low bacterial DNA load group (6.25%, 12/192), with significant difference (χ2 = 42.81, P < 0.001). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis indicated that elevated bacterial DNA load in ascites [log (bacterial DNA) ≥ 2] (OR = 3.040, 95%CI: 1.605-5.756, P = 0.001), upper gastrointestinal bleeding (OR = 6.061, 95%CI: 2.315-15.625, P < 0.001), and chronic kidney disease (OR = 12.195, 95%CI: 4.504-32.258, P < 0.001) were all independent risk factors for the occurrence of SBP within 30 days in patients with cirrhotic ascites. A predictive model incorporating the MELD score, log (bacterial DNA) and neutrophil count was constructed to assess the risk of 90-days mortality. ROC curve analysis showed that the predictive performance of the combined model (AUC = 0.823) was superior to that of the MELD score alone (AUC = 0.754), with significant difference (Z = 2.823, P = 0.005). The 90-days and 360-days survival rates in high bacterial DNA load group (71.1% and 57.9%) were significantly lower than those of low bacterial DNA load group (84.4% and 79.2%), with significant differences (χ2 = 2.99, P = 0.038;χ2 = 6.68, P = 0.002).

Conclusions

Ascitic bacterial DNA levels after removal of free DNA have significant predictive value for the occurrence of SBP in patients with cirrhotic ascites. High bacterial DNA load in ascites is associated with lower survival rates of 90-days and 360-days after hospitalized, suggesting that bacterial translocation may play an important role in prognostic evaluation of liver cirrhosis.

图1 患者入组与分组流程图 注:SBP:自发性细菌性腹膜炎
表1 腹水细菌DNA高载量组和低载量组患者基线临床特征
临床特征 合计(230例) 腹水细菌DNA高载量组(38例) 腹水细菌DNA低载量组(192例) 统计量 P
人口学特征
年龄(,岁) 57.90 ± 10.49 57.63 ± 10.44 57.95 ± 10.52 t = 0.173 0.863
性别(男/女,例) 180/50 31/7 149/43 χ2 = 0.295 0.587a
住院时长(,d) 15.63 ± 6.85 16.13 ± 7.8 15.53 ± 6.67 t =-0.497 0.620
实验室指标
AST[MP25P75),IU/L] 42.0(26.0,78.0) 41.00(24.75,80.75) 42.0(27.0,78.0) Z =-0.621 0.535
ALT[MP25P75)),IU/L] 21.0(13.0,32.25) 20.50(15.00,38.75) 21(13.0,35.0) Z =-0.26 0.795
TBil [MP25P75),mmol/L] 62.75(29.55,163.33) 67.50(22.50,206.53) 61.35(31.03,162.1) Z =-0.31 0.757
INR [MP25P75))] 1.48(1.28,1.85) 1.49(1.28,1.87) 1.48(1.28,1.84) Z =-0.353 0.724
ALB(,g/dl) 29.36 ± 4.42 28.11 ± 5.47 29.61 ± 4.16 t = 1.920 0.056
Cr [MP25P75),mmol/L] 75.0(59.0,110.75) 72.00(62.00,122.25) 75.0(58.75,108.5) Z = 0.414 0.679
WBC [MP25P75),× 109/L] 5.15(3.37,7.83) 6.55(4.08,10.02) 5.08(3.26,7.63) Z =-2.167 0.030
HB [MP25P75),g/L] 93(73,114) 87.50(64.00,111.50) 93(75.25,114.75) Z = 1.168 0.243
PLT[MP25P75),× 109/L] 81(49,127.5) 74.00(42.00,147.00) 82.5(49.25,126.25) Z = 0.268 0.798
评分
MELD( 15.94 ± 8.23 16.26 ± 8.78 15.88 ± 8.14 t=-0.245 0.797
Child-Pugh( 9.43 ± 1.72 9.42 ± 2.05 9.43 ± 1.66 t = 0.017 0.986
并发症 [例(%)]
消化道出血 22(9.6) 6(15.8) 16(8.3) χ2 = 1.268 0.260b
肝性脑病 27(11.7) 5(13.2) 22(11.5) χ2 = 0.043 0.836a
急性肾损伤 22(9.6) 3(7.9) 19(9.9) χ2 = 0.007 0.935b
基础疾病 [例(%)]
高血压 36(15.7) 6(15.8) 30(15.6) χ2 = 0.001 0.980b
2型糖尿病 50(21.7) 11(28.9) 39(20.3) χ2 = 1.390 0.238b
慢性肾脏病 25(10.9) 6(15.8) 19(9.9) χ2 = 0.610 0.435b
病死率 [例(%)]
90 d 43(18.7) 11(28.9) 32(16.7) χ2 = 3.290 0.070a
360 d 56(24.3) 16(42.1) 40(20.8) χ2 = 3.290 0.005a
图2 入组患者腹水细菌DNA载量和分型特征分布
图3 腹水细菌DNA高载量组与低载量组患者感染相关指标 注:ns:P > 0.05;*:0.01< P ≤ 0.05;**:0.05< P ≤ 0.01;****:0.001 < P ≤ 0.0001。bact DNA:细菌DNA,PMN:多形核中性粒细胞,PCT:降钙素原,WBC:白细胞,NEUT:中性粒细胞,LYM:淋巴细胞,MONO:单核细胞;其中PMN为腹水检测指标,PCT、WBC、NEUT、LYM和MONO均为血液检测指标
表2 腹水细菌DNA高载量组与低载量组患者SBP发生率及炎症相关指标
表3 肝硬化腹水患者入院后30 d内发生SBP的单因素Logistic回归分析
影响因素 β S.E. Wald χ2 OR 95%CI P
男性 0.158 0.604 0.068 1.171 0.358~3.824 0.794
年龄 0.057 0.028 4.084 1.059 1.002~1.119 0.043
log(细菌DNA) 3.281 0.899 13.314 26.608 4.566~155.054 < 0.001
腹水总蛋白 0.021 0.028 0.569 1.022 0.967~1.080 0.451
腹水白蛋白 0.022 0.054 0.169 1.022 0.920~1.137 0.681
上消化道出血 1.192 0.631 3.570 3.294 0.956~11.364 0.049
肝性脑病 -18.888 8 380.814 0.000 0.000 0.000~0.000 0.998
急性肾损伤 0.345 0.798 0.187 1.412 0.296~6.741 0.665
高血压 -0.343 0.781 0.193 0.710 0.154~3.281 0.661
慢性肾脏病 1.794 0.611 8.614 6.014 1.815~20.000 0.003
2型糖尿病 0.944 0.549 2.955 2.571 0.132~1.142 0.068
PCT -0.020 0.075 0.069 0.980 0.846~1.136 0.792
WBC 0.118 0.047 6.343 1.126 1.027~1.234 0.012
NEUT 0.133 0.052 6.512 1.143 1.031~1.266 0.011
LYM 0.417 0.390 1.140 1.517 0.706~3.261 0.286
MONO 0.896 0.651 1.894 2.450 0.684~8.777 0.169
HGB 0.001 0.005 0.039 1.001 0.992~1.010 0.844
PLT 0.000 0.003 0.021 1.000 0.994~1.007 0.886
CRP 0.010 0.006 2.798 1.010 0.998~1.023 0.094
ALT -0.001 0.004 0.083 0.999 0.991~1.007 0.773
AST 0.000 0.001 0.040 1.000 0.998~1.002 0.842
白蛋白 0.005 0.064 0.006 1.005 0.887~1.139 0.937
TBil -0.003 0.003 1.236 0.997 0.992~1.002 0.266
Cr 0.000 0.005 0.000 1.000 0.991~1.009 0.991
INR -0.008 0.440 0.000 0.992 0.489~1.771 0.826
MELD评分 0.004 0.032 0.014 1.004 0.943~1.068 0.906
Child-Pugh评分 -0.204 0.161 1.606 0.815 0.595~1.118 0.205
表4 肝硬化腹水患者入院后30 d内发生SBP的多因素Logistic回归分析
图4 腹水细菌DNA水平预测肝硬化腹水患者SBP发生风险的ROC曲线
表5 肝硬化腹水患者90 d死亡组与存活组感染相关指标 [MP25P75)]
表6 肝硬化腹水患者入院后90 d病死率的多因素Logistic回归分析
图5 腹水细菌DNA载量对肝硬化腹水患者预后影响的联合分析 注:A:不同模型预测90 d病死率的ROC曲线;B:细菌DNA高载量和低载量组的生存曲线分析(Kaplan-Meier法),组间比较采用Log-rank检验
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