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中华实验和临床感染病杂志(电子版) ›› 2021, Vol. 15 ›› Issue (03) : 164 -170. doi: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.1674-1358.2021.03.004

论著

缺血性脑卒中并机械通气患者发生呼吸机相关性肺炎危险因素及预后分析
安媛1, 周大伟2, 石广志2,()   
  1. 1. 100070 北京,首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院神经内科
    2. 100070 北京,首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院重症医学科
  • 收稿日期:2020-11-02 出版日期:2021-06-15
  • 通信作者: 石广志
  • 基金资助:
    北京市科技计划课题(No. Z201100005520039)

Risk factors of ventilator associated pneumonia and prognosis analysis of cerebral stroke patients with mechanical ventilation

Yuan An1, Dawei Zhou2, Guangzhi Shi2,()   

  1. 1. Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China
    2. Department of Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China
  • Received:2020-11-02 Published:2021-06-15
  • Corresponding author: Guangzhi Shi
引用本文:

安媛, 周大伟, 石广志. 缺血性脑卒中并机械通气患者发生呼吸机相关性肺炎危险因素及预后分析[J]. 中华实验和临床感染病杂志(电子版), 2021, 15(03): 164-170.

Yuan An, Dawei Zhou, Guangzhi Shi. Risk factors of ventilator associated pneumonia and prognosis analysis of cerebral stroke patients with mechanical ventilation[J]. Chinese Journal of Experimental and Clinical Infectious Diseases(Electronic Edition), 2021, 15(03): 164-170.

目的

探讨影响入住重症监护室(ICU)的缺血性脑卒中并机械通气患者预后的相关因素及发生呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)的危险因素。

方法

采用回顾性队列研究方法,收集重症监护数据库(MIMIC-Ⅳ)中入住美国波士顿贝斯以色列女执事医疗中心ICU的2013年1月至2018年12月使用有创机械通气且出院第一诊断为缺血性脑卒中的患者。暴露因素为VAP发生与否,根据入组患者出院诊断记录中是否诊断为VAP分为VAP组(31例)和非VAP组(238例)。收集患者年龄、性别、体重指数、缺血性脑卒中分型、临床并发症(高血压病、糖尿病、慢性心力衰竭、慢性阻塞性肺疾病、慢性肾功能不全、恶性肿瘤病史及心房颤动)、格拉斯哥昏迷评分(GCS)、序贯器官衰竭评分(SOFA)、咽反射及咳嗽反射、机械通气当日血常规等。结局指标为机械通气时间、ICU入住及住院时间、ICU及院内病死率等。采用多因素Logistic回归分析探讨影响缺血性脑卒中并机械通气患者预后的相关因素及发生VAP的危险因素。

结果

共纳入269例入住ICU并使用机械通气的缺血性脑卒中患者,其中31例(11.5%)患者发生VAP。VAP组患者机械通气时间[234(178,327)h vs. 82(59,149)h,Z = 6.519、P < 0.001]、ICU入住时间[13.0(10.0,17.5)d vs. 5.0(3.0,9.0)d,Z = 5.988、P < 0.001]和住院时间[18.0(11.5,25.0)d vs. 10.0(5.0,17.0)d,Z = 3.936、P < 0.001]均显著高于非VAP组患者,差异均有统计学意义。多因素回归分析显示:机械通气时间[优势比(OR)= 1.13、95%可信区间(CI):1.06~1.24、P = 0.005)]、体重指数(OR = 1.14、95%CI:1.05~1.26、P = 0.004)和淋巴细胞计数(OR = 0.27、95%CI:0.11~0.61、P = 0.002)均为发生VAP的危险因素;年龄(OR = 1.04、95%CI:1.01~1.08、P = 0.009)、GCS评分(OR = 0.88、95%CI:0.78~0.97、P = 0.017)和机械通气时间(OR = 1.08、95%CI:1.01~1.17、P = 0.048)均为影响缺血性脑卒中并机械通气患者预后的因素。VAP的发生(OR = 1.01、95%CI:0.31~3.09、P = 0.967)并非影响患者预后的危险因素。

结论

机械通气时间、体重指数及淋巴细胞计数是缺血性脑卒中患者发生VAP的危险因素;VAP的发生并非影响患者预后的危险因素。

Objective

To investigate the prognosis of ischemic stroke patients with mechanical ventilation who were admitted to intensive care unit (ICU) and the risk factors of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP).

Methods

This retrospective cohort study included adult ischemic stroke patients with mechanical ventilation who were admitted to ICU from January 2013 to December 2018 in MIMIC-Ⅳ database of Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in America. The exposure was VAP. Age, gender, body mass index, ischemic stroke classification, disease history (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, chronic heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic renal insufficiency, history of malignancy and atrial fibrillation), Glasgow coma score (GCS), sequential organ failure score (SOFA), gag reflex and cough reflex, blood routine on the day of mechanical ventilation were collected. The outcome indexes were duration of mechanical ventilation, ICU and hospital duration, ICU and hospital mortality. Risk factors of VAP and the prognosis of ischemic stroke patients with mechanical ventilation were analyzed by multivariate Logistic regression .

Results

Total of 269 patients with ischemic stroke and mechanical ventilation were enrolled, among whom, 31 (11.5%) had VAP. Compared with non-VAP patients, the duration of mechanical ventilation [234 (178, 327) hours vs. 82 (59, 149) hours; Z = 6.519, P < 0.001], ICU duration (13.0 (10.0, 17.5) days vs. 5.0 (3.0, 9.0) days, Z = 5.988, P < 0.001) and hospital duration [18.0 (11.5, 25.0) days vs. 10.0 (5.0, 17.0) days, Z = 3.936, P < 0.001] were all significantly longer than those of VAP patients, with significant differences. Multivariate regression analysis showed that duration of mechanical ventilation [odds ratio (OR) = 1.13, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.06-1.24, P = 0.005], body mass index (OR = 1.14, 95%CI: 1.05-1.26, P = 0.004) and lymphocyte count (OR = 0.27, 95%CI: 0.11-0.61, P = 0.002) were all risk factors for VAP; age (OR = 1.04, 95%CI: 1.01-1.08, P = 0.009), GCS score (OR = 0.88, 95%CI: 0.78-0.97, P = 0.017) and duration of mechanical ventilation (OR = 1.08, 95%CI: 1.01-1.17, P = 0.048) were risk factors for the prognosis of ischemic stroke patients with mechanical ventilation, but VAP was not the risk factor (OR = 1.01, 95%CI: 0.31-3.09, P = 0.967).

Conclusions

The duration of mechanical ventilation, body mass index and lymphocyte count were risk factors for VAP. VAP was not the risk factor for the prognosis of ischemic stroke patients with mechanical ventilation.

表1 VAP组和非VAP组患者的临床资料
基本资料 合计(269例) 非VAP组(238例) VAP组(31例) 统计量 P
年龄(±s,岁) 69.4 ± 14.9 70.0 ± 14.7 64.9 ± 15.6 t = 1.722 0.093
男性[例(%)] 149(55.4) 129(54.2) 20(64.5) χ2 = 0.800 0.371a
体重指数(±s,kg/m2 29.1 ± 6.6 28.5 ± 6.6 32.3 ± 5.9 t = 2.783 0.009
缺血性脑卒中分型[例(%)]       χ2 = 1.907 0.385a
  大动脉粥样硬化型 93(34.6) 79(33.2) 14(45.2)    
  心源性栓塞 105(39.0) 94(39.5) 11(35.5)    
  其他 71(26.4) 65(27.3) 6(19.4)    
并发症[例(%)]          
  高血压病 152(56.5) 136(57.1) 16(51.6) χ2 = 0.153 0.695a
  糖尿病 99(36.8) 86(36.1) 13(41.9) χ2 = 0. 187 0.666a
  充血性心力衰竭 57(21.2) 52(21.8) 5(16.1) χ2 = 0.249 0.618a
  慢性阻塞性肺疾病 23(8.6) 20(8.4) 3(9.7) χ2 = 0.000 1.000b
  慢性肾功能不全 51(19.0) 44(18.5) 7(22.6) χ2 = 0.092 0.762a
  恶性肿瘤 28(10.4) 27(11.3) 1(3.2) χ2 = 1.166 0.280b
  心房颤动 134(49.8) 117(49.2) 17(54.8) χ2 = 0.163 0.686a
GCS评分[M(P25,P75)] 7.0(6.0,10.0) 7.0(5.0,10.0) 7.0(6.0,11.0) Z = 1.479 0.141
SOFA评分[M(P25,P75)] 3.0(2.0,5.0) 3.0(2.0,5.0) 4.0(2.0,5.5) Z = 1.026 0.314
咽反射异常 175(65.1) 152(63.9) 23(74.2) χ2 = 0.873 0.350a
咳嗽反射异常 128(48.9) 110(47.6) 18(58.1) χ2 = 0.812 0.368a
白细胞计数[M(P25,P75),× 109] 12.2(9.8,15.6) 12.2(9.8,15.6) 12.1(10.0,14.7) Z = 0.701 0.483
淋巴细胞计数[M(P25,P75),× 109] 1.3(0.8,2.0) 1.3(0.9,2.1) 1.1(0.7,1.4) Z = 2.811 0.005
血小板计数[M(P25,P75),× 109] 212(171,266) 214(169,266) 202(179,263) Z = 0.319 0.187
血红蛋白(±s,g/L) 117.1 ± 21.8 116.4 ± 21.9 122.9 ± 21.2 t = 1.574 0.124
机械通气时间[M(P25,P75),h] 92(63,178) 82(59,149) 234(178,327) Z = 6.519 < 0.001
ICU入住时间[M(P25,P75),d] 6.0(3.0,11.0) 5.0(3.0,9.0) 13.0(10.0,17.5) Z = 5.988 < 0.001
住院时间[M(P25,P75),d] 11.0(6.0,18.0) 10.0(5.0,17.0) 18.0(11.5,25.0) Z = 3.936 < 0.001
ICU病死率[例(%)] 68(25.3) 62(26.1) 6(19.4) χ2 = 0.345 0.557a
院内病死率[例(%)] 108(40.1) 95(39.9) 13(41.9) χ2 = 0.005 0.983a
图1 VAP组与非VAP组缺血性脑卒中患者的生存曲线
表2 发生VAP的多因素Logistic回归分析
表3 缺血性脑卒中并机械通气患者中死亡组和存活组的临床资料
基本资料 合计(269例) 存活组(161例) 死亡组(108例) 统计量 P
年龄(±s,岁) 69.4 ± 14.9 65.6 ± 16.1 75.2 ± 10.7 t = 5.921 < 0.001
男性[例(%)] 149(55.4) 91(56.5) 58(53.7) χ2 = 0.109 0.741
体重指数(±s,kg/m2 29.1 ± 6.6 30.1 ± 6.7 27.2 ± 6.2 t = 2.572 0.012
缺血性脑卒中分型[例(%)]       χ2 = 10.521 0.005
  大动脉粥样硬化型 93(34.6) 61(37.9) 32(29.6)    
  心源性栓塞 105(39.0) 69(42.9) 36(33.3)    
  其他 71(26.4) 31(19.3) 40(37.0)    
并发症[例(%)]          
  高血压病 152(56.5) 91(56.5) 61(56.5) χ2 = 0.000 1.000
  糖尿病 99(36.8) 60(37.3) 39(36.1) χ2 = 0. 004 0.949
  充血性心力衰竭 57(21.2) 28(17.4) 29(26.9) χ2 = 2.921 0.087
  慢性阻塞性肺疾病 23(8.6) 16(9.9) 7(6.5) χ2 = 0.595 0.440
  慢性肾功能不全 51(19.0) 26(16.1) 25(23.1) χ2 = 1.631 0.202
  恶性肿瘤 28(10.4) 13(8.1) 15(13.9) χ2 = 1.761 0.184
  心房颤动 134(49.8) 71(44.1) 63(58.3) χ2 = 4.685 0.030
GCS评分[M(P25,P75)] 7.0(6.0,10.0) 7.0(6.0,10.0) 6.0(5.0,7.3) Z = 3.372 < 0.001
SOFA评分[M(P25,P75)] 3.0(2.0,5.0) 3.0(2.0,5.0) 3.0(2.0,6.0) Z = 1.452 0.148
咽反射异常 175(65.1) 99(61.5) 76(70.4) χ2 = 1.868 0.172
咳嗽反射异常 128(48.9) 70(45.2) 58(54.2) χ2 = 1.726 0.189
白细胞计数[M(P25,P75),× 109] 12.2(9.8,15.6) 11.8(9.9,14.9) 12.6(9.8,16.3) Z = 1.589 0.114
淋巴细胞计数[M(P25,P75),× 109] 1.3(0.8,2.0) 1.4(0.9,2.0) 1.1(0.8,1.9) Z = 0.257 0.798
血小板计数[M(P25,P75),× 109] 212(171,266) 216(176,269) 209(166,259) Z = 1.022 0.308
血红蛋白(±s,g/L) 117.1 ± 21.8 116.9 ± 22.0 117.5 ± 21.7 t = 0.23 0.818
机械通气时间[M(P25,P75),h] 92(63,178) 79(58,184) 106(77,174) Z = 2.453 0.007
ICU入住时间[M(P25,P75),d] 6.0(3.0,11.0) 7.0(3.0,12.0) 5.0(3.0,8.0) Z = 2.847 0.005
住院时间[M(P25,P75),d] 11.0(6.0,18.0) 15.0(10.0,23.0) 6.0(3.0,11.0) Z = 8.6 < 0.001
VAP [例(%)] 31(11.5) 18(11.2) 13(12.0) χ2 = 0.005 0.983
表4 缺血性脑卒中并机械通气患者院内死亡危险因素的多因素Logistic回归分析
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