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中华实验和临床感染病杂志(电子版) ›› 2021, Vol. 15 ›› Issue (02) : 86 -91. doi: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.1674-1358.2021.02.003

所属专题: 经典病例 文献

论著

184例百日咳婴幼儿临床特征
王彩英1, 张慧敏1, 张艳兰1, 刘玉环1, 杨洪玲1, 何树新1, 庞琳1,()   
  1. 1. 100015 北京,首都医科大学附属北京地坛医院儿科
  • 收稿日期:2020-05-20 出版日期:2021-04-15
  • 通信作者: 庞琳
  • 基金资助:
    首都医科大学附属北京地坛医院重点实验室开放研究课题(No. 2209-25-111); 首都医科大学附属北京地坛医院院内科研基金"育苗计划"项目(No. DTYM201817); 首都临床特色应用研究与成果推广项目(No. Z161100000616030)

Clinical characteristics of 184 infants with whooping cough

Caiying Wang1, Huimin Zhang1, Yanlan Zhang1, Yuhuan Liu1, Hongling Yang1, Shuxin He1, Lin Pang1,()   

  1. 1. Department of Pediatrics, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
  • Received:2020-05-20 Published:2021-04-15
  • Corresponding author: Lin Pang
引用本文:

王彩英, 张慧敏, 张艳兰, 刘玉环, 杨洪玲, 何树新, 庞琳. 184例百日咳婴幼儿临床特征[J]. 中华实验和临床感染病杂志(电子版), 2021, 15(02): 86-91.

Caiying Wang, Huimin Zhang, Yanlan Zhang, Yuhuan Liu, Hongling Yang, Shuxin He, Lin Pang. Clinical characteristics of 184 infants with whooping cough[J]. Chinese Journal of Experimental and Clinical Infectious Diseases(Electronic Edition), 2021, 15(02): 86-91.

目的

分析住院治疗的百日咳婴幼儿的临床资料,探讨婴幼儿百日咳的临床特征。

方法

收集2017年12月至2018年12月于首都医科大学附属北京地坛医院儿科住院治疗的184例百日咳婴幼儿为研究对象,采集患儿的临床资料,包括年龄、性别、疫苗接种,痉挛性咳嗽、发绀、肺部体征以及血常规、C-反应蛋白(CRP)、降钙素原(PCT)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、肌酸激酶同工酶、痰细菌培养、胸部CT或X线平片进行回顾性分析。根据病情将入组患儿分为普通病例和重症病例,采用独立样本t检验、非参数检验或卡方检验分析两组患儿的上述指标。

结果

184例住院治疗的百日咳患儿中,< 6月龄患儿133例(72.28%),120例(65.22%)患儿未接种百日咳疫苗;分别有162例(88.04%)和91例(49.46%)患儿发生痉挛性咳嗽和咳嗽时发绀,154例(83.70%)患儿合并肺炎,119例(64.67%)患儿白细胞计数为(10~30)× 109/L,40例(21.74%)患儿白细胞> 30 × 109/L;分别有25例(13.59%)、31例(16.85%)和11例(5.98%)患儿中性粒细胞百分比、CRP和PCT水平升高;23例(12.5%)患儿痰标本其他细菌(除百日咳鲍特杆菌外)培养阳性;平均住院时间为(15.68 ± 8.11)d;分别有26例(14.13%)和19例(10.33%)患儿使用3种以上和特殊级别抗菌药物(碳青霉烯类和糖肽类)。22例重症患儿中18例(81.82%)发生呼吸功能衰竭,16例(72.73%)发生心功能衰竭,11例(50%)频繁发生呼吸暂停,3例(13.64%)发生百日咳脑病,4例(18.18%)死亡。与普通病例组患儿相比,重症病例组患儿年龄小[平均月龄:(2.80 ± 1.26) vs. (4.97 ± 4.30),t =-2.31、P = 0.02],< 3月龄(63.64% vs. 38.89%,χ2 = 4.88、P = 0.027)及未接种百日咳疫苗比例高(100% vs. 60.49%,χ2 = 13.33、P < 0.001);发生肺实变(77.27% vs. 1.85%,χ2 = 106.08、P < 0.001)、发热(86.36% vs. 20.99%,χ2 = 40.37、P < 0.001)、中性粒细胞百分比(68.18% vs. 6.17%,χ2 = 58.26、P < 0.001)、CRP(50.00% vs. 12.33%,χ2 = 17.01、P < 0.001)及PCT升高比例(40.91% vs. 1.23%,χ2 = 47.41、P < 0.001)、痰其他细菌培养阳性率(36.36% vs. 9.26%,χ2 = 10.65、P < 0.001)均显著增高;白细胞计数以及发生重度高白细胞血症(白细胞> 50 × 109/L)比例亦显著增高[30.99(27.48,43.12)× 109/L vs. 18.33(12.35,25.59)× 109/L,Z =-3.98,P < 0.001;18.18% vs. 0%,P < 0.001(Fisher确切概率法)],差异均有统计学意义。痰细菌培养阳性的重症患儿以院内感染阴性杆菌多见(鲍曼不动杆菌3例,铜绿假单胞菌2例,其他肺炎克雷伯杆菌、阴沟肠杆菌、产气肠杆菌等阴性杆菌5例)。死亡的4例患儿均发生肺实变,其中3例白细胞计数> 50 × 109/L,死亡原因为呼吸功能衰竭和感染性休克。

结论

住院治疗的百日咳婴幼儿中< 6月龄以及未接种百日咳疫苗的比例较高,肺炎为百日咳婴幼儿的主要并发症;重症百日咳婴幼儿年龄更小,并发重症肺炎、重度高白细胞血症为重症百日咳诊治的重点。

Objective

To analyze the clinical data of hospitalized infants with whooping cough, and to explore the clinical characteristics of infant with whooping cough.

Methods

Total of 184 infants diagnosed with whooping cough, who were hospitalized in Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University from December 2017 to December 2018 were selected. Clinical data of the infants, including age, sex, vaccination status, symptoms of spasmodic cough and cyanosis, lung signs, routine blood test, C reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin (PCT), alanine aminotransferase, creatine kinase isozyme, sputum bacterial culture results and chest computed tomography (CT) or X-rays were analyzed, retrospectively. The infants were divided into common cases group and severe cases group according to clinical manifestation, and the independent sample t-test, rank sum test or chi-square test were used to analyze the above indexes of the infants in both groups.

Results

Among the 184 cases, 133 cases (72.28%) were younger than 6 months, and 120 cases (65.22%) did not receive pertussis vaccine; 162 cases (88.04%) and 91 cases (49.46%) had paroxysmal cough and cyanosis, respectively, and 154 cases (83.70%) had pneumonia; white blood cells (WBC) were (10-30) × 109/L in 119 cases (64.67%) and WBC > 30 × 109/L in 40 cases (21.74%). There were 25 cases (13.59%), 31 cases (16.85%) and 11 cases (5.98%) had increased level of neutrophile granulocyte percentage, CRP and PCT, respectively; and 23 cases (12.5%) were positive for other bacteria in sputum culture (excluding Bordetella pertussis); the length of hospital stay was (15.68 ± 8.11) days; 26 cases (14.13%) and 19 cases (10.33%) had used more than 3 antibiotics and special grade antibiotics (glycopeptide and carbapenem antibiotics), respectively. There were 22 severe cases, and respiratory failure occurred in 18 cases (81.82%), heart failure occurred in 16 cases (72.73%), 11 (50%) cases had frequent apnea, 3 (13.64%) cases had pertussis encephalopathy, and 4 (18.18%) cases died. Compared with common cases, severe cases were younger [(2.80 ± 1.26) months vs. (4.97 ± 4.30) months; t =-2.31, P = 0.02)], and had higher percentage of cases younger than 3 months (63.64% vs. 38.89%; χ2 = 4.88, P = 0.027), and higher percentage of cases who did not receive pertussis vaccine (100% vs. 60.49%; χ2 = 13.33, P < 0.001). The cases with pulmonary consolidation (77.27% vs. 1.85%; χ2 = 106.08, P < 0.001), fever (86.36% vs. 20.99%; χ2 = 40.37, P < 0.001), increased percentage of neutrophile granulocytes (68.18% vs. 6.17%; χ2 = 58.26, P < 0.001), increased CRP (50.00% vs. 12.33%; χ2 = 17.01, P < 0.001) and PCT level (40.91% vs. 1.23%; χ2 = 47.41, P < 0.001), higher positive rate of other sputum culture (36.36% vs. 9.26%; χ2 = 10.65, P < 0.001) in severe cases group were significantly more than common cases group. Leucocyte count [30.99 (27.48, 43.12) × 109/L vs. 18.33 (12.35, 25.59) × 109/L; Z =-3.98, P < 0.001] and the rate of severe hyperleukemia (18.18% vs. 0%; P < 0.001) by Fisher exact probability method were also significantly higher in severe cases than those of common cases. Hospital-infected Gram-negative bacillus was common in severe cases (3 cases with Acinetobacter baumannii infection, 2 cases with Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection, and 5 cases with Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae or Enterobacter aerogenes infection). All the 4 deaths had pulmonary consolidation, the causes of whom were respiratory failure and infectious shock, and 3 of whom with WBC count ≥ 50 × 109/L.

Conclusions

The hospitalized whooping cough infants had a high percentage of younger than 6 months and a high rate without pertussis vaccination, and pneumonia was the most common complication. Severe cases were younger, and often complicated with severe pneumonia and severe hyperleukemia, which were the key points of treatment to severe pertussis.

表1 婴幼儿百日咳的一般资料和临床特征
  总病例数(184例) 重症病例(22例) 普通病例(162例) 统计量 P
性别[例(%)]       χ2 = 0.01 0.930a
  102(55.43) 12(54.55) 90(55.56)    
  82(44.57) 10(45.45) 72(44.44)    
年龄       Z =-2.92 0.004d
  < 3月龄[例(%)] 77(41.85) 14(63.64) 63(38.89) χ2 = 4.88 0.027a
  3~6月[例(%)] 56(30.43) 8(36.36) 48(76.19) χ2 = 0.42 0.520a
  6月~1岁[例(%)] 36(19.57) 0(0.00) 36(22.22) χ2 = 4.75 0.009b
  > 1岁[例(%)] 15(8.15) 0(0.00) 15(9.26) χ2 = 1.15 0.029b
未接种百日咳疫苗[例(%)] 120(65.22) 22(100.00) 98(60.49) χ2 = 13.33 < 0.001a
痉挛性咳嗽[例(%)] 162(88.04) 22(100.00) 140(86.42) χ2 = 2.23 0.136b
咳嗽时发绀[例(%)] 91(49.46) 22(100.00) 69(42.59) χ2 = 22.54 < 0.001a
发热[例(%)] 53(28.80) 19(86.36) 34(20.99) χ2 = 40.37 < 0.001a
肺部啰音[例(%)] 66(35.87) 21(95.45) 45(27.78) χ2 = 38.57 < 0.001a
肺炎[例(%)] 154(83.70) 22(100.00) 132(81.48) χ2 = 3.61 0.058b
肺实变[例(%)] 20(10.87) 17(77.27) 3(1.85) χ2 = 106.08 < 0.001b
心肌酶增高[例(%)] 58(31.52) 16(72.73) 42(25.93) χ2 = 19.66 < 0.001a
ALT增高[例(%)] 42(22.83) 10(45.45) 32(19.75) χ2 = 7.26 0.007a
白细胞       Z =-4.67 < 0.001d
  < 10 × 109/L [例(%)] 25(13.59) 1(4.55) 24(14.81) χ2 = 0.98 0.323b
  (10~30)×109/L [例(%)] 119(64.67) 7(31.82) 112(69.14) χ2 = 11.81 0.001a
  (30~50)× 109/L [例(%)] 36(19.57) 10(45.45) 26(16.05) χ2 = 8.86 0.003b
  > 50 × 109/L [例(%)] 4(2.17) 4(18.18) 0(0.00) < 0.001c
中性粒细胞增高[例(%)] 25(13.59) 15(68.18) 10(6.17) χ2 = 58.26 < 0.001b
血小板增多(> 300 × 1012/L)[例(%)] 184(100.00) 22(100.00) 162(100.00) / /
血小板(× 1012/L) 501.55(427.68,616.58) 619.55(486.60,690.78) 489.50(424.83,552.33) Z =-2.55 0.010
CRP增高[例(%)] 31(16.85) 11(50.00) 20(12.33) χ2 = 17.01 < 0.001b
PCT增高[例(%)] 11(5.98) 9(40.91)) 2(1.23) χ2 = 47.41 < 0.001b
痰其他细菌培养阳性(除外百日咳鲍特杆菌) [例(%)] 23(12.50) 8(36.36) 15(9.26) χ2 = 10.65 0.001b
住院时间[M(P25,P75),d] 13.00(11.00,18.00) 24.00(19.00,29.00) 12.00(10.25,16.00) Z =-4.46 < 0.001
3种及以上抗菌药物[例(%)] 26(14.13) 18(81.82) 8(4.94) χ2 = 88.12 < 0.001b
特殊级抗菌药物[例(%)] 19(10.33) 15(68.18) 4(2.47) χ2 = 83.37 < 0.001b
呼吸机辅助呼吸[例(%)] 14(7.61) 14(63.64) 0(0.00) χ2 = 102.71 < 0.001b
死亡病例[例(%)] 4(2.17) 4(18.18) 0(0.00) < 0.001c
表2 23例痰细菌培养阳性百日咳并发肺炎患儿的病原学分布
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