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中华实验和临床感染病杂志(电子版) ›› 2023, Vol. 17 ›› Issue (06) : 416 -422. doi: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.1674-1358.2023.06.010

论著

26例新生儿水痘患儿的临床特征
赵扬1, 朱鏐娈2, 王彩英1, 万钢3, 张慧敏1, 苗敏1, 董凯华1, 徐琳1, 庞琳1,()   
  1. 1. 100015 北京,首都医科大附属北京地坛医院儿科
    2. 100015 北京,首都医科大附属北京地坛医院传染病研究所
    3. 100015 北京,首都医科大附属北京地坛医院病案室
  • 收稿日期:2023-08-29 出版日期:2023-12-15
  • 通信作者: 庞琳
  • 基金资助:
    新发突发传染病研究北京市重点实验室开放研究课题(No. DTKF202105); 院内基金"桥梁计划"项目(No. DTQL-202102)

Clinical characteristics of 26 cases of neonatal chickenpox

Yang Zhao1, Liuluan Zhu2, Caiying Wang1, Gang Wan3, Huimin Zhang1, Min Miao1, Kaihua Dong1, lin Xu1, Lin Pang1,()   

  1. 1. Department of Pediatrics, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
    2. Department of Medical Records and Statistics, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
    3. Department of Medical Record Managemant, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
  • Received:2023-08-29 Published:2023-12-15
  • Corresponding author: Lin Pang
引用本文:

赵扬, 朱鏐娈, 王彩英, 万钢, 张慧敏, 苗敏, 董凯华, 徐琳, 庞琳. 26例新生儿水痘患儿的临床特征[J]. 中华实验和临床感染病杂志(电子版), 2023, 17(06): 416-422.

Yang Zhao, Liuluan Zhu, Caiying Wang, Gang Wan, Huimin Zhang, Min Miao, Kaihua Dong, lin Xu, Lin Pang. Clinical characteristics of 26 cases of neonatal chickenpox[J]. Chinese Journal of Experimental and Clinical Infectious Diseases(Electronic Edition), 2023, 17(06): 416-422.

目的

探讨新生儿水痘患儿的临床特征及其治疗。

方法

选取2014年1月至2019年12月首都医科大学附属北京地坛医院收治的26例新生儿水痘患儿为研究对象(新生儿组),同时按照性别1︰2匹配同期52例1~3月龄婴儿水痘患儿为对照(婴儿组),比较两组水痘患儿围产期资料、出生史、流行病学史、临床表现、并发症、生化指标以及治疗方法等并进行回顾性分析。应用两独立样本t检验、秩和检验和卡方检验等行统计学分析。

结果

两组患儿平均发病年龄[(9.42 ± 4.10)d vs. (64.29 ± 14.59)d]差异有统计学意义(t = 18.75、P < 0.001);而性别、早产儿占比、平均出生体重、平均Apgar评分和羊水粪染差异均无统计学意义(P均> 0.05)。流行病学史方面两组患儿垂直传播(χ2 = 57.474、P < 0.001)和水平传播占比(χ2 = 53.337、P < 0.001)差异均有统计学意义。新生儿组和婴儿组水痘患儿从颜面部开始出疹比例(χ2 = 3.900、P = 0.048)、呕吐(χ2 = 3.989、P = 0.046)、出现病毒性脑炎(χ2 = 7.313、P = 0.007)和病毒性肺炎(χ2 = 8.432、P = 0.004)比例差异均有统计学意义;而发热时间、发热例数、其他出疹顺序、皮肤感染、皮肤结痂时间和发生蜂窝织炎差异均无统计学意义(P均> 0.05)。新生儿组和婴儿组水痘患儿丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)水平[34.5(26.0,87.0)g/L vs. 27.0(22.0,33.0)g/L:Z = 2.21、P = 0.027]和天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)水平[38(22.0,88.0)g/L vs. 26.5(22.0,33.0)g/L:Z = 2.38、P = 0.017]差异均有统计学意义;而粒细胞缺乏例数、血小板减少例数、肝功能异常例数、心肌酶异常例数、白细胞计数、淋巴细胞百分比、中性粒细胞百分比、血小板计数、白蛋白和CK-MB水平差异均无显著统计学意义(P均> 0.05)。两组患儿均单间隔离,给予干扰素凝胶涂抹皮疹,安多福搽痘以避免皮肤感染。母亲产前或产时出现水痘者于分娩时至负压隔离病房分娩,分娩后新生儿与其母亲及时隔离,以减少产后呼吸道传播。合并肺炎和脑炎患儿均予以静脉注射人免疫球蛋白(400 mg·kg-1·d-1)及阿昔洛韦(10 mg·kg-1·次-1、3次/d)静脉注射治疗。两组水痘患儿均治愈出院。

结论

新生儿水痘患儿主要感染途径为垂直传播或来自胞兄、胞姐的水平传播;临床主要表现为呕吐、全身皮疹,出疹顺序可不典型。发热症状不显著,病毒性脑炎、肺炎较婴儿水痘患儿更多,治疗主要为单间隔离及对症处理,出现并发症的水痘患儿可给予静脉注射人免疫球蛋白及阿昔洛韦治疗,预后一般良好。

Objective

To investigate the clinical features and treatment of chickenpox in newborns.

Methods

Total of 26 neonates with chickenpox admitted to Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University from January 2014 to December 2019 were enrolled for retrospective analysis (neonatal group), and 52 infants aged 1-3 months were enrolled according to a sex ratio 1︰2 during the same period (infant group). The perinatal data, birth history, epidemiological history, clinical manifestations, complications, biochemical indicators and treatments of the two groups were analyzed, retrospectively. Statistical analysis were performed by two independent samples t-test, rank-sum test and Chi-square test.

Results

The mean age of onset of cases in neonatal group and infant group [(9.42 ± 4.10) days vs. (64.29 ± 14.59) days] were significantly different (t = 18.75, P < 0.001); but gender, proportion of preterm infants, mean birth weight, mean Apgar score and amniotic fluid feces staining of cases in the two groups were not significantly different (all P > 0.05). In terms of epidemiological history, the proportion of vertical transmission (χ2 = 57.474, P < 0.001) and horizontal transmission (χ2 = 53.337, P < 0.001) in two groups were significantly different. Between chickenpox cases in neonatal group and infant group, the raio of rash eruption from face (χ2 = 3.900, P = 0.048), vomiting (χ2 = 3.989, P = 0.046), viral encephalitis (χ2 = 7.313, P = 0.007) and viral pneumonia (χ2 = 8.432, P = 0.004) were significantly different; However, fever duration, number of fever cases, other eruption order, skin infection, skin scab duration and cellulitis were not significantly different (all P > 0.05). The levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) [34.5 (26.0, 87.0) g/L vs. 27.0 (22.0, 33.0) g/L: Z = 2.21, P = 0.027] and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) [38 (22.0, 88.0) g/L vs. 26.5 (22.0, 33.0) g/L: Z = 2.38, P = 0.017] were significantly different; but there were no significant differences in the number of granulocyte deficiency, thrombocytopenia, liver function abnormalities, myocardial enzyme abnormalities, leukocyte count, lymphocyte percentage, percentage of neutrophils, platelet count, albumin and creatine kinase isoenzyme (CK-MB) (all P > 0.05). Cases in two groups were all isolated in single room, with interferon gel for erythra and iodophors for pox to avoid skin infection. Mothers who had chickenpox before or during labor delivered in the negative pressure isolation ward, and neonatus were isolated from their mothers after delivery, inorder to reduce postpartum respiratory transmission. Children complicated with pneumonia and encephalitis were treated with intravenous human immunoglobulin (400 mg·kg-1·d-1) and acyclovir (10 mg kg-1·time-1, 3 times/d). Both groups of children with chickenpox were all cured and discharged.

Conclusions

The main infection routes of neonatal chickenpox are vertical transmission from mothers or horizontal transmission from brothers or sisters. The clinical features are mainly vomit and rashes all over the body. The order of rash may be atypical. The symptoms of fever maybe not obvious, mainly due to the underdeveloped organs after birth, so more newborns were complicated with viral pneumonia or viral encephalitis. The treatment is mainly focused on single room isolation and symptomatic treatment. Children with complications can be treated with intravenous human immunoglobulin and acyclovir, with good prognosis.

表1 新生儿水痘患儿及婴儿水痘患儿的一般资料和流行病学史
表2 新生儿组和婴儿组水痘患儿的临床特征
图1 新生儿水痘肺炎胸部正位片注:双肺纹理增多,可见淡片状稍高密度影,密度较淡,未见明显胸腔积液
表3 新生儿组和婴儿组水痘患儿的实验室指标
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