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Abstract:

Mpox has undergone significant epidemiological and clinical changes since the global outbreak in 2022, predominantly affecting men who have sex with men (MSM) and individuals co-infected with HIV. Disruption of skin and mucosal barriers and immune dysfunction predispose patients to secondary infections, including bacterial, sexually transmitted and fungal infections, increasing the disease severity. This consensus, based on current evidence and clinical practice, summarizes the epidemiology, common pathogens, and transmission routes of mpox-associated co-infections, and proposes 23 recommendations covering early identification, risk stratification, pathogen detection, antimicrobial treatment, and prevention strategies. It aims to standardize clinical management and reduce severe outcomes and transmission risk.

Key words: Mpox, Co-infection, Bacterial infection, Sexually transmitted infections, Emergency department, Diagnosis and teatment consensus, Prevention and control strategies

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