| [1] |
Sogaard OS, Lohse N, Gerstoft J, et al. Hospitalization for pneumonia among individuals with and without HIV infection, 1995-2007: a Danish population-based, nationwide cohort study[J]. Clin Infect Dis,2008,47(10):1345-1353.
|
| [2] |
Aston SJ, Ho A, Jary H, et al. Etiology and risk factors for mortality in an adult community-acquired pneumonia cohort in Malawi[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med,2019,200(3):359-369.
|
| [3] |
Gaskell KM, Feasey NA, Heyderman RS. Management of severe non-TB bacterial infection in HIV-infected adults[J]. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther,2015,13(2):183-195.
|
| [4] |
Burke RM, Sabet N, Ellis J, et al. Causes of hospitalisation among people living with HIV worldwide, 2014-23: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Lancet HIV,2025,12(5):e355-e366.
|
| [5] |
Ford N, Shubber Z, Meintjes G, et al. Causes of hospital admission among people living with HIV worldwide: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Lancet HIV,2015,2(10):e438-e444.
|
| [6] |
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Professional Group SoIDCMA, Chinese Center for Disease C, Prevention. Chinese guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of human immunodeficiency virus infection/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (2024 edition)[J]. Chin Med J (Engl),2024,137(22):2654-2680.
|
| [7] |
Hirschtick RE, Glassroth J, Jordan MC, et al. Bacterial pneumonia in persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Pulmonary Complications of HIV Infection Study Group[J]. N Engl J Med,1995, 333(13):845-851.
|
| [8] |
O'Connor J, Vjecha MJ, Phillips AN, et al. Effect of immediate initiation of antiretroviral therapy on risk of severe bacterial infections in HIV-positive people with CD4 cell counts of more than 500 cells per muL: secondary outcome results from a randomised controlled trial[J]. Lancet HIV,2017,4(3):e105-e112.
|
| [9] |
Crothers K, Huang L, Goulet JL, et al. HIV infection and risk for incident pulmonary diseases in the combination antiretroviral therapy era[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med,2011,183(3):388-395.
|
| [10] |
Gingo MR, Balasubramani GK, Kingsley L, et al. The impact of HAART on the respiratory complications of HIV infection: longitudinal trends in the MACS and WIHS cohorts[J]. PLoS One,2013,8(3):e58812.
|
| [11] |
Damery S, Nichols L, Holder R, et al. Assessing the predictive value of HIV indicator conditions in general practice: a case-control study using the THIN database[J]. Br J Gen Pract,2013,63(611):e370-e377.
|
| [12] |
National Center for Infectious Diseases Division of HIV/AIDS. 1993 revised classification system for HIV infection and expanded surveillance case definition for AIDS among adolescents and adults[J]. MMWR Recomm Rep,1992,41(RR-17):1-19.
|
| [13] |
Kohli R, Lo Y, Homel P, et al. Bacterial pneumonia, HIV therapy, and disease progression among HIV-infected women in the HIV epidemiologic research (HER) study[J]. Clin Infect Dis,2006, 43(1):90-98.
|
| [14] |
Miller RF, Foley NM, Kessel D, et al. Community acquired lobar pneumonia in patients with HIV infection and AIDS[J]. Thorax,1994,49(4):367-368.
|
| [15] |
Cilloniz C, Torres A, Polverino E, et al. Community-acquired lung respiratory infections in HIV-infected patients: microbial aetiology and outcome[J]. Eur Respir J,2014,43(6):1698-1708.
|
| [16] |
Benito N, Moreno A, Miro JM, et al. Pulmonary infections in HIV-infected patients: an update in the 21st century[J]. Eur Respir J,2012,39(3):730-745.
|
| [17] |
Seybold U, Kourbatova EV, Johnson JG, et al. Emergence of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus USA300 genotype as a major cause of health care-associated blood stream infections[J]. Clin Infect Dis,2006,42(5):647-656.
|
| [18] |
Diep BA, Chambers HF, Graber CJ, et al. Emergence of multidrug-resistant, community-associated, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clone USA300 in men who have sex with men[J]. Ann Intern Med,2008,148(4):249-257.
|
| [19] |
Park DR, Sherbin VL, Goodman MS, et al. The etiology of community-acquired pneumonia at an urban public hospital: influence of human immunodeficiency virus infection and initial severity of illness[J]. J Infect Dis,2001,184(3):268-277.
|
| [20] |
Mundy LM, Auwaerter PG, Oldach D, et al. Community-acquired pneumonia: impact of immune status[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med,1995,152(4 Pt 1):1309-1315.
|
| [21] |
Tarp B, Jensen JS, Ostergaard L, et al. Search for agents causing atypical pneumonia in HIV-positive patients by inhibitor-controlled PCR assays[J]. Eur Respir J,1999,13(1):175-179.
|
| [22] |
Sogaard OS, Reekie J, Ristola M, et al. Severe bacterial non-aids infections in HIV-positive persons: incidence rates and risk factors[J]. J Infect,2013,66(5):439-446.
|
| [23] |
Gordin FM, Roediger MP, Girard PM, et al. Pneumonia in HIV-infected persons: increased risk with cigarette smoking and treatment interruption[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med,2008,178(6):630-636.
|
| [24] |
Pett SL, Carey C, Lin E, et al. Predictors of bacterial pneumonia in Evaluation of Subcutaneous Interleukin-2 in a Randomized International Trial (ESPRIT)[J]. HIV Med,2011,12(4):219-227.
|
| [25] |
Jambo KC, Banda DH, Kankwatira AM, et al. Small alveolar macrophages are infected preferentially by HIV and exhibit impaired phagocytic function[J]. Mucosal Immunol,2014,7(5):1116-1126.
|
| [26] |
Charles TP, Shellito JE. Human immunodeficiency virus infection and host defense in the lungs[J]. Semin Respir Crit Care Med,2016,37(2):147-156.
|
| [27] |
Mussini C, Galli L, Lepri AC, et al. Incidence, timing, and determinants of bacterial pneumonia among HIV-infected patients: data from the ICONA Foundation Cohort[J]. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr,2013,63(3):339-345.
|
| [28] |
Lamas CC, Coelho LE, Grinsztejn BJ, et al. Community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections in HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy: predictors in a contemporary cohort study[J]. Infection,2017,45(6):801-809.
|
| [29] |
Edelman EJ, Gordon KS, Crothers K, et al. Association of prescribed opioids with increased risk of community-acquired pneumonia among patients with and without HIV[J]. JAMA Intern Med,2019,179(3):297-304.
|
| [30] |
Attia EF, McGinnis KA, Feemster LC, et al. Association of COPD with risk for pulmonary infections requiring hospitalization in HIV-infected veterans[J]. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr,2015,70(3):280-288.
|
| [31] |
Almeida A, Almeida AR, Castelo Branco S, et al. CURB-65 and other markers of illness severity in community-acquired pneumonia among HIV-positive patients[J]. Int J STD AIDS,2016,27(11):998-1004.
|
| [32] |
Curran A, Falco V, Crespo M, et al. Bacterial pneumonia in HIV-infected patients: use of the pneumonia severity index and impact of current management on incidence, aetiology and outcome[J]. HIV Med,2008,9(8):609-615.
|
| [33] |
Cilloniz C, Torres A, Manzardo C, et al. Community-acquired pneumococcal pneumonia in virologically suppressed HIV-infected adult patients: A matched case-control study[J]. Chest,2017,152(2):295-303.
|
| [34] |
Feldman C, Klugman KP, Yu VL, et al. Bacteraemic pneumococcal pneumonia: impact of HIV on clinical presentation and outcome[J]. J Infect,2007,55(2):125-135.
|
| [35] |
Sage EK, Noursadeghi M, Evans HE, et al. Prognostic value of C-reactive protein in HIV-infected patients with Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia[J]. Int J STD AIDS,2010,21(4):288-292.
|
| [36] |
Mendelson F, Griesel R, Tiffin N, et al. C-reactive protein and procalcitonin to discriminate between tuberculosis, Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia, and bacterial pneumonia in HIV-infected inpatients meeting WHO criteria for seriously ill: a prospective cohort study[J]. BMC Infect Dis,2018,18(1):399.
|
| [37] |
Schleicher GK, Herbert V, Brink A, et al. Procalcitonin and C-reactive protein levels in HIV-positive subjects with tuberculosis and pneumonia[J]. Eur Respir J,2005,25(4):688-692.
|
| [38] |
Evans SE, Jennerich AL, Azar MM, et al. Nucleic acid-based testing for noninfluenza viral pathogens in adults with suspected community-acquired pneumonia. An Official American Thoracic Society Clinical Practice Guideline[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med,2021,203(9):1070-1087.
|
| [39] |
Garcia Garrido HM, Mak AMR, Wit F, et al. Incidence and risk factors for invasive pneumococcal disease and community-acquired pneumonia in human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals in a high-income setting[J]. Clin Infect Dis,2020,71(1):41-50.
|
| [40] |
Grau I, Pallares R, Tubau F, et al. Epidemiologic changes in bacteremic pneumococcal disease in patients with human immunodeficiency virus in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy[J]. Arch Intern Med,2005,165(13):1533-1540.
|
| [41] |
中华医学会呼吸病学分会. 中国成人社区获得性肺炎诊断和治疗指南(2016年版)[J]. 中华结核和呼吸杂志,2016,39(4):253-279.
|
| [42] |
Metlay JP, Waterer GW, Long AC, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. An official clinical practice guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med,2019,200(7):e45-e67.
|
| [43] |
Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al. BTS guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009[J]. Thorax,2009,64(Suppl 3):iii1-iii55.
|
| [44] |
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Pneumonia: diagnosis and management[EB/OL]. 2025.
|
| [45] |
Evans L, Rhodes A, Alhazzani W, et al. Surviving sepsis campaign: International guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2021[J]. Crit Care Med,2021,49(11):e1063-e1143.
|
| [46] |
Panel on Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections in Adults and Adolescents with HIV. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in adults and adolescents with HIV[EB/OL]. 2023-09-07.
|
| [47] |
Zou X, He J, Zheng J, et al. Evaluation of effectiveness, safety and cost-benefit of the 23- valent pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccine for HIV-Infected patients[J]. Vaccine,2022,40(1):37-42.
|
| [48] |
Benard A, Mercie P, Alioum A, et al. Bacterial pneumonia among HIV-infected patients: decreased risk after tobacco smoking cessation. ANRS CO3 Aquitaine Cohort, 2000-2007[J]. PLoS One,2010,5(1):e8896.
|